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Iberian mtDna from Neolithic to early Bronze Age

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See:

Nagy Szecsenyi-Nagy et al:

http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2017/02/10/106963

"Agriculture first reached the Iberian Peninsula around 5700 BCE. However, little is known about the genetic structure and changes of prehistoric populations in different geographic areas of Iberia. In our study, we focused on the maternal genetic make-up of the Neolithic (~ 5500-3000 BCE), Chalcolithic (~ 3000-2200 BCE) and Early Bronze Age (~ 2200-1500 BCE). We report ancient mitochondrial DNA results of 213 individuals (151 HVS-I sequences) from the northeast, middle Ebro Valley, central, southeast and southwest regions and thus on the largest archaeogenetic dataset from the Peninsula to date. Similar to other parts of Europe, we observe a discontinuity between hunter-gatherers and the first farmers of the Neolithic, however the genetic contribution of hunter-gatherers is generally higher and varies regionally, being most pronounced in the inland middle Ebro Valley and in southwest Iberia. During the subsequent periods, we detect regional continuity of Early Neolithic lineages across Iberia, parallel to an increase of hunter-gatherer genetic ancestry. In contrast to ancient DNA findings from Central Europe, we do not observe a major turnover in the mtDNA record of the Iberian Late Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age, suggesting that the population history of the Iberian Peninsula is distinct in character."

Haak, Krause, and Brandt are listed as authors. I would think they know the general results that are in the pipeline about Bell-Beakers, so I wonder if this is a hint that the original Bell-Beakers were a local, non-steppe associated development? That wouldn't at all surprise me.

The mesolithic results in the paper are from old papers and are, imo, questionable given they didn't know as much about contamination and couldn't take the proper precautions.

Genetic source of Unetice Culture.

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I've been running new kits (DNA), I got my hands on recently, through HarappaWorld admixture and started to notice some patterns. (Maybe real ones. ;)
After quick calculations I found fairly good match for ancestral source of Unetice Culture. Have a look:

I mixed Hungarian Late Neolithic Farmer with also Late Neolithic Yamnaya. Actually, the Yamnaya guy was an outlier found in Yamnaya, genetically looking much different than typical Yamnayan. To me he looks more like pure or almost pure hunter-gatherer, and probably will match recently found hunter gatherers of Latvia and Ukraine. It hard to be sure though, as they don't have kits in GedMatch yet. If this Yamnaya outlier have some farmer admixed in it, it would have been from EEF source. His closest match, from existing GedMatch kits, is Estonian CW, who had some EEF.

In short, Unetice people, could be composed from Late Neolithic "Hungarian" Farmer and Outlier Hunter Gatherer from Samara, but most likely originally from Ukraine/West Yamnaya. (Just being on "vacation" in Samara/East Yamnaya).

First two columns contain Samara outlier and Hungarian farmer runs. Third column, in bold, is for supposed mixed offspring of these two, in proportions of 80% of Samara Outlier and 20% NE7 Farmer. Fourth column shows real Unetice guy genome. It is damn close I must say!


M630274 I0432 F999928 NE7, I-L1228 Mix of R1a h-g with LN Farmer M453254 RISE154
Samara Poltavka outlier R1a-M417>Z93 2925-2536 BC Hungary, Apc-Berekalja I 6.4kya Unetice EBA Poland [1925-1765 BC] K1a4a1 -
Run time 7.79 Run time 6.72 Run time Run Time 4.06
S-Indian 0 S-Indian 0 S-Indian - S-Indian -
Baloch 14.7 Baloch 0 Baloch 11.76 Baloch 14.46
Caucasian 0 Caucasian 19.04 Caucasian 3.81 Caucasian 4.05
NE-Euro 63.14 NE-Euro 16.69 NE-Euro 53.85 NE-Euro 53.71
SE-Asian 0 SE-Asian 0 SE-Asian - SE-Asian -
Siberian 0 Siberian 0 Siberian - Siberian -
NE-Asian 0 NE-Asian 0 NE-Asian - NE-Asian -
Papuan 0 Papuan 0 Papuan - Papuan -
American 0 American 0 American - American 0.96
Beringian 0 Beringian 0 Beringian - Beringian -
Mediterranean 22.15 Mediterranean 56.18 Mediterranean 28.96 Mediterranean 26.58
SW-Asian 0 SW-Asian 7.96 SW-Asian 1.59 SW-Asian -
San 0 San 0 San - San -
E-African 0 E-African 0 E-African - E-African 0.2
Pygmy 0 Pygmy 0 Pygmy - Pygmy -
W-African 0 W-African 0.11 W-African 0.02 W-African -

Updated chronological tree of Y-haplogroups

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I have updated the timeline of Y-DNA haplogroups on the page Origins of European haplogroups. It hadn't been updated for over 6 years, so some age estimates were badly off. I have used the latest estimates from Yfull.com.




The wider version with the mtDNA tree can be found here.

HBD!? racialist?

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I once quoted a post of the HBD chick. Never heard about the HBD. And this titel didn't make me suspicious it looks like a celebration of diversity....But searching around I got the impression that the content is a euphemistic alternative for racialism!?:confused2:
What's your opinion is HBD a mask for racism?
Diversity but in regard of human dignity are major things for me.....

Fine scale population structure in North America: Han et al

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Very interesting paper in Nature about North American genetic structure showing post settlement clustering. The massive data collection is from AncestryDNA.

See: Eunjung Han et al
"Clustering of 770,000 genomes reveals post-colonial population structure of North Americ"

http://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms14238/

"Despite strides in characterizing human history from genetic polymorphism data, progress in identifying genetic signatures of recent demography has been limited. Here we identify very recent fine-scale population structure in North America from a network of over 500 million genetic (identity-by-descent, IBD) connections among 770,000 genotyped individuals of US origin. We detect densely connected clusters within the network and annotate these clusters using a database of over 20 million genealogical records. Recent population patterns captured by IBD clustering include immigrants such as Scandinavians and French Canadians; groups with continental admixture such as Puerto Ricans; settlers such as the Amish and Appalachians who experienced geographic or cultural isolation; and broad historical trends, including reduced north-south gene flow. Our results yield a detailed historical portrait of North America after European settlement and support substantial genetic heterogeneity in the United States beyond that uncovered by previous studies."

This is Ancestry's blog post about their paper, which is interesting in its own right.
https://blogs.ancestry.com/ancestry/...c-communities/

The maps they produce are fascinating and reproduce accurately every settlement pattern in American history from what I can tell. They've captured, for example, the fact that the Mormon church started in upstate New York, and this is the genetic source for much of the Mormon population in Utah today.

Scroll down on this large visual; there are two maps. Also, click to enlarge.
https://i2.wp.com/www.nature.com/art...ms14238-f3.jpg

This one shows how they were able to track French Canadian immigration back to France.
http://www.nature.com/article-assets...ms14238-f4.jpg

Soft versus hard selection

Was Afontova Gora an ancestor of Afanasievo/yamna, or not?

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seems like Afontova Gora has components of Malta with more WHG women. And afanasievo/yamna compose of AG with more WHG women, being related to especially R1a-93 people.
However, Okunevo has Malta gene with more siberian/East Asian, going forward to karasuk and iron age alati(schyian)

5000 year old Chinese beer recreated at Stanford

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See:
http://news.stanford.edu/2017/02/06/...e-beer-recipe/

"Liu, together with doctoral candidate Jiajing Wang and a group of other experts, discovered the 5,000-year-old beer recipe by studying the residue on the inner walls of pottery vessels found in an excavated site in northeast China. The research, which was published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, provided the earliest evidence of beer production in China so far.The ancient Chinese made beer mainly with cereal grains, including millet and barley, as well as with Job’s tears, a type of grass in Asia, according to the research. Traces of yam and lily root parts also appeared in the concoction.
Liu said she was particularly surprised to find barley – which is used to make beer today – in the recipe because the earliest evidence to date of barley seeds in China dates to 4,000 years ago. This suggests why barley, which was first domesticated in western Asia, spread to China.
“Our results suggest the purpose of barley’s introduction in China could have been related to making alcohol rather than as a staple food,” Liu said.

The ancient Chinese beer looked more like porridge and likely tasted sweeter and fruitier than the clear, bitter beers of today. The ingredients used for fermentation were not filtered out, and straws were commonly used for drinking, Liu said."

Apparently mold floated on top, but still it was sweeter than modern beer.


White nationalists choose milk as their signature drink

Slavery and non-consensual sex in Islam

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A professor of Islamic studies (a convert by the way) defends slavery and non-consensual sex in the context of Islam.

See:
https://whyevolutionistrue.wordpress...ed-by-muslims/

My tax money is going to support and disseminate this bilge.

"While the lecture was supposed to be about slavery in Islam Brown spent the majority of the lecture talking about slavery in the United States, the United Kingdom and China. When discussing slavery in these societies Brown painted slavery as brutal and violent (which it certainly was). When the conversation would briefly flip to historic slavery in the Arab and Turkish World slavery was described by Brown in glowing terms. Indeed, according to Brown, slaves in the Muslim World lived a pretty good life."

"
Obviously not. Brown went on to discuss the injustices of prison labor in America and a myriad of other social-ills. Absent from his talk (until challenged) was any recognition of the rampant abuse of workers in the Gulf, the thousands of workers in the Gulf dying on construction sites, the South Asian child camel-jockeys imported into the United Arab Emirates to race camels under harsh conditions, or the horrific conditions of prisoners in the Muslim World (the latest news being 13,000 prisoners executed in Syria)."

"
“Slavery wasn’t racialized” in Muslim societies, Brown stated. That would be believable if it weren’t well-known black people in the Arab World and African-Americans in this country weren’t constantly referred to as abeed (slaves) simply because the color of the skin.Brown described slavery in the Muslim World as kinder and gentler. The Arab poet who wrote “before you buy the slave buy the stick… for he is nejas (impure)” is perhaps a better description of Arab slavery than what Brown offered.
“Slaves were protected by shariah (Islamic Law)” Brown stated with no recognition of the idealized legal version of slavery and slavery as it was practiced. In this version of slavery there is an omission of kidnappings, harems, armies of eunuchs, and other atrocities.
. . . “It’s not immoral for one human to own another human” Brown stated in his clearest defense of slavery."

Well, you get the drift. You can read the article for other examples of incredible sophistry.

And guess what? While today's students can close down a campus because they are "triggered" by some Halloween costumes, there's not a peep out of them over this.

If I had the power I'd pull all government aid. Universities want to allow someone to peddle this you know what, go ahead, but not on my dime.

New phylogenetic tree of R1b-U106 (and Z381)

Corinthian helmets, ingots found off Sicily

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See:
http://archaeologynewsnetwork.blogsp...n-helmets.html

"47 ingots of orichalcum, two Corinthian helmets, archaic amphorae and a Massaliote round-bottom flask (ie., from the ancient Greek colony of Marseilles in France), have been recovered off the coast of Bulala, near the ancient Greek colony of Gela, in southern Sicily."


"
Orichalcum (Greek ὀρείχαλκος from ὅρος, 'mountain' and χαλκός, 'copper') was a precious metal, considered second only to gold in value, whose fame is also linked to the legendary lost continent of Atlantis, described by the Greek philosopher Plato in his dialogue Critias."




MDLP K16 Modern

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The K16 model of Admixture K16 focuses primarily on 16 worldwide basic, distich components of modern human ancestry, which have been discovered and detailed in Haak et al. (2014), Lazaridis et al. (2016). These components were empirically 'learned' in ADMIXTURE software from allele frequencies of learning merged dataset (116463 SNPs) of human populations, which, in their turn, had been converted into 'synthetic groups of individuals', with each of them representing one (of 16) ancestral populations. Then, the rest of dataset ('reference') was projected unto those ancestral populations with SNPWEIGHTS software: the results of component projection were averaged per each modern group of human population, and taken as 'population reference values' of component membership in 2xOracle and OracleX4.
These 16 component are briefly described below as follows:
Amerindian - a component, which is modal (i.e has a peak) in various native American groups of North and South America, as well as in ancient DNA of Native Americans (Clovis, Kennewick man, etc).
Ancestor - an archaic component, detected in modern African Pygmy populations (such as Mbuties and Biaka) and Khoisan hunter-gatherers.
Steppe - a component which was sourced from ancient genome of European Bronze Age pastoralists: it roughly approximates levels of ancient North Eurasian hunter-gatherers' heritage, which was subsequently shown to have an influence in later eastern hunter-gatherers and to have spread into Europe via an incursion of Steppe herders beginning ∼4,500 years ago.
Indian - a component of ancestry harboured by populations of Indian subcontinent
Arctic - a component displayed in genomes of Eskimo Inuits from Greenland and shared with Siberian Chukchis/Koryaks.
Australian - a component of aboriginal ancestry assigned to Australian aborigens.
Caucasian - a major component of ancestry of modern inhabitants of Caucasus, Iran and northern Indian : it was derived from genomes of mesolithic Caucasian Hunter-gatherers: a major ancestral component linked to CHG was carried west and east by migrating herders from the Eurasian Steppe.
EastAfrican - a very dilluted component being inherited specififically from ancient inhabitants of Ethiopia and African Horn
NorthEastEuropean - a fancy moniker for a dominant type of ancestry in North-Eastern Europe based on older type of ancestry (WHG, west European Hunter-Gatherer), today this type of ancestry peaks in the Baltic region and Scandinavia
NearEast - a component harboured and later carried by ancient populations of Near East, in our time it reaches the maximum among Bedoins and Saudi Arabians; the component seems to carry an excess of Eurasian Basal component relative to Neolithic component.
Neolithic - a component, modeled on genomes of first neolithic farmers of Anatolia (West Asia), these farmers from West Asia migrated to Europe during the Neolithic and carried this component with them.
NorthAfrican - a local component of ancestry found in North Africans: this local North African genetic component is very different from the one found in the populations in the south of the Sahara (Subsaharian component, see below).
Oceanic - a component of aboriginal ancestry assigned to aborigens of Melanesia and Papua-New-Guinea.
Siberian - a component, which is rougly ascribed to Central Siberian (found at highest frequency in Nganasan)
SouthEastAsian - a dominant component of South East Asians: being highest among the Dai, Cambodians, Lahu and Malay, this is the most common East Asian component among South Asians.
Subsaharian - a main component of ancestry seen in Yoruba, Mandenka and Luhya populations.

MDLP K11 Modern

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MDLP K11 2xOracle and OracleX4


Admix Results (sorted):


# Population Percent
1 Neolithic 33.08
2 EHG 25.26
3 Basal 18.55
4 WHG 16.36
5 Iran-Mesolithic 3.36
6 Amerindian 1.36
7 ASI 1.19


(735) End of data. popN=151


Finished reading population data. 161 populations found.
11 components mode.


--------------------------------


Least-squares method.


Using 1 population approximation:
1 Armenia_Chalcolithic @ 17.276236
2 Hungary_IronAge @ 22.063997
3 Armenia_LBA @ 23.630087
4 Armenia_MLBA @ 25.445230
5 Anatolia_Chalcolithic @ 26.380648
6 Maros_BA @ 27.218643
7 Armenia_EBA @ 27.623159
8 British_Celtic @ 28.401024
9 Germany_BA @ 28.489227
10 Germany_Bronze_Age @ 28.489227
11 Vatya_MBA @ 28.520832
12 Bell_Beaker @ 28.576542
13 Armenia_MBA @ 28.640179
14 Alberstedt_LN @ 28.702240
15 Bell_Beaker_Germany @ 29.445238
16 Hungary_MBA @ 29.874550
17 Irish_BA @ 29.953018
18 Unetice_MBA @ 29.997269
19 Nordic_BattleAxe @ 30.111446
20 BenzigerodeHeimburg_LN @ 30.139101


Using 2 populations approximation:
1 50% Iran_Chalcolithic +50% Vatya_MBA @ 6.850490




Using 3 populations approximation:
1 50% Armenia_Chalcolithic +25% Corded_Ware_Chalcolithic +25% GermanStuttgart_LBK @ 3.730940




Using 4 populations approximation:
1 Armenia_MLBA + British_Roman + Samara_HG + Spain_EN @ 1.290929
2 Armenia_MLBA + British_Roman + Samara_HG + Tyrolean_Iceman_EN @ 1.782451
3 Armenia_MLBA + British_Roman + Europe_EN + Samara_HG @ 1.783024
4 Armenia_LBA + LBK_EN + Levant_BA + Samara_HG @ 1.806824
5 Armenia_Chalcolithic + British_Roman + Iberian_Chalcolitic + Karsdorf_LN @ 1.846790
6 Armenia_Chalcolithic + Baalberge_MN + British_Roman + Karsdorf_LN @ 1.885000
7 Armenia_LBA + Karsdorf_LN + Levant_BA + Salzmuende_MN @ 1.896390
8 Armenia_MLBA + British_Roman + Esperstedt_MN + Srubnaya_LBA_outlier @ 1.904479
9 Armenia_Chalcolithic + British_Roman + Iberia_Chalcolithic + Karsdorf_LN @ 1.915419
10 Armenia_LBA + Esperstedt_MN + Karsdorf_LN + Levant_BA @ 1.949628
11 Armenia_LBA + Karsdorf_LN + Levant_BA + Remedello_BA @ 1.978211
12 Armenia_Chalcolithic + British_Roman + Karsdorf_LN + Spain_MN @ 1.982916
13 Armenia_MLBA + British_Roman + Salzmuende_MN + Srubnaya_LBA_outlier @ 2.012011
14 Armenia_Chalcolithic + British_Roman + Esperstedt_MN + Yamnaya_Samara_EBA @ 2.054140
15 Armenia_Chalcolithic + British_Roman + Salzmuende_MN + Yamnaya_Samara_EBA @ 2.055121
16 Armenia_Chalcolithic + Bell_Beaker + Germany_BA + Levant_BA @ 2.098661
17 Armenia_Chalcolithic + Bell_Beaker + Germany_Bronze_Age + Levant_BA @ 2.098661
18 Armenia_LBA + Levant_BA + Samara_HG + Starcevo_EN @ 2.103195
19 Armenia_LBA + Levant_BA + Samara_HG + Spain_EN @ 2.113824
20 Armenia_LBA + Levant_BA + Tyrolean_Iceman_EN + Yamnaya_Samara_EBA @ 2.157653

Rogue Genetic Engineers

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See:
http://gizmodo.com/the-fda-is-cracki...izmodo_twitter

The motivation is a good one: remove the genetic diseases which have accumulated in very inbred dog breeds.

The problem as the FDA probably sees it is that if it is this easy and inexpensive to do in some garage lab what could come out of some of these labs, not just in terms of animals, but of humans.
"Ishee joined the ranks of DIY biohackers after becoming frustrated with the limits of
traditional dog breeding. He breeds mastiffs—huge, friendly dogs that are known to be riddled with genetic disorders. Over a few generations, Ishee has used traditional techniques to breed out many troublesome conditions, such as the sagging skin and oversized head that make many mastiffs
look goofy. But some recessive conditions, like hip dysplasia, could not simply be bred away.
And so for $1,000, two years ago he built a lab in his backyard shed capable of doing everything from culturing tissue to altering the DNA of canine sperm. Then he began trying to attack his dog breeding problems with genetic engineering. He is currently experimenting with different ways he might modify the DNA before artificially inseminating female dogs. In an early test to see whether his methods work, he fused sperm with genes from glowing bacteria in an attempt to engineer glowing puppies, though the pregnancy failed to take. Undeterred, he’s now gearing up to tackle even bigger challenges.
But he hit a roadblock earlier this month, when the FDA proposed a new rule that would require any genetically engineered animal go through a strict regulatory procedure. In essence, the FDA wants to define any animal a scientist purposefully genetically modifies as a “drug.” That means that if a scientist say, created cows without horns that are safer to farm, those cows would have to go through a vetting process similar to new drugs.
Ishee was preparing for a project that sought to cure hyperuricemia in Dalmatians—a common liver malfunction that frequently results in kidney stones, bladder stones or gout.


“It should be straight forward,” he told Gizmodo. Ishee plans to use the gene-editing technique CRISPR to correct the single errant nucleotide that causes the condition, reversing the mutation to turn a T in the genetic code back into the correct G. Then he’ll use a technique called sperm-mediated gene transfer, which will allow him to transfer his engineered Dalmation DNA to a female Dalmation, resulting, he hopes, in a fertilized egg that’ll produce hyperuricemia-free pups."

Sardinian Mitogenomes-Past and Present

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See: Mitogenome Diversity in Sardinians: a Genetic Window onto an Island's Past


Anna Olivieri et al
https://academic.oup.com/mbe/article...searchresult=1

"Sardinians are “outliers” in the European genetic landscape and, according to paleogenomic nuclear data, the closest to early European Neolithic farmers. To learn more about their genetic ancestry, we analyzed 3,491 modern and 21 ancient mitogenomes from Sardinia. We observed that 78.4% of modern mitogenomes cluster into 89 haplogroups that most likely arose in situ. For each Sardinian-Specific Haplogroup (SSH), we also identified the upstream node in the phylogeny, from which non-Sardinian mitogenomes radiate. This provided minimum and maximum time estimates for the presence of each SSH on the island. In agreement with demographic evidence, almost all SSHs coalesce in the post-Nuragic, Nuragic and Neolithic-Copper Age periods. For some rare SSHs, however, we could not dismiss the possibility that they might have been on the island prior to the Neolithic, a scenario that would be in agreement with archeological evidence of a Mesolithic occupation of Sardinia."

I don't see the actual paper, but there is a link to the supplement.

If someone goes through the whole supplement, I guess it's possible some of the "Mesolithic" lineages were carried by Neolithic migrants to the island?

See also:
https://phys.org/news/2017-02-sardin...islandand.html

"Almost 80 percent of modern Sardinian mitogenomes belong to branches that cannot be found anywhere else outside the island. Thus, they were defined as Sardinian-Specific Haplogroups (SSHs) that most likely arose in the island after its initial occupation. Almost all SSHs coalesce in the post-Nuragic, Nuragic and Neolithic-Copper Age periods. However, some rare SSHs display age estimates older than 7,800 years ago, the postulated archeologically-based starting time of the Neolithic in Sardinia."

"The most plausible candidates would include haplogroups K1a2d and U5b1i1, which together comprise almost 3 percent of modern Sardinians, and possibly others. Such a scenario would not only support archaeological evidence of a Mesolithic occupation of Sardinia, but could also suggest a dual ancestral origin of its first inhabitants. K1a2d is of Late Paleolithic Near Eastern ancestry, whereas U5b1i1 harbours deep ancestral roots in Paleolithic Western Europe."

Prevalence of personality disorders of men vs women in a Polish population

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The stats seem roughly comparable to what I've seen for American populations, if my memory serves. That's also the conclusions the authors draw.

It's just much more present among humans than some people would credit. Of note: this is non-clinical occurrence, so the numbers are actually higher.

See:
http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full...33294117692807

"The aim of the present study is to establish the prevalence of personality disorders (PDs) in a healthy (nonclinical) Polish population, to examine sex difference in PDs, and to show the structure of clusters which PDs form with regard to men and women. A large sample of 1460 individuals of age between 18 and 65 years was examined. The Structured Clinical Interview for Axis II was used to obtain information on PDs, the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview to obtain information on other disorders, and an interview to record demographic data. Results show that approximately 9% of the sample had at least one PD (the overall rate is 8.9%) and rates on sex differences in PDs are similar to other European and North American countries. The most prevalent PDs are obsessive-compulsive (9.6%), narcissistic (7%), and borderline (7%). Results show the considerable comorbidity of PDs which means that about 9% of the adult population have at least one PD and in fact they display features of many specific PDs. A factor analysis revealed that 12 PDs form different clusters in men and women."

Amerindians and Germans?

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Why some German people have the shape of the face that looks like the face of the American Indians?
Do they have any blood connections? Y- DNA or Mitochondrial DNA?

See the image:
http://i.imgur.com/NL6VSLh.jpg

Does anyone know of any blood resemblance between them to tell me?

Why Spanish people look like the people of Yemen?

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They have many characteristics in common, such as the nose for example.
There are also people very similar to these in Mexico (not all), a country that Spain colonized.

I thought of the Gypsy people, but they do not have similar traits with those of the Yemen people.


Could someone explain?

Genetics of Male Pattern Baldness

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This paper includes the snps responsible as well as predictive percentages.

See:

http://journals.plos.org/plosgenetic...l.pgen.1006594

Hagenaars et al:

Genetic prediction of male pattern baldness

"Male pattern baldness can have substantial psychosocial effects, and it has been phenotypically linked to adverse health outcomes such as prostate cancer and cardiovascular disease. We explored the genetic architecture of the trait using data from over 52,000 male participants of UK Biobank, aged 40–69 years. We identified over 250 independent genetic loci associated with severe hair loss (P<5x10-8). By splitting the cohort into a discovery sample of 40,000 and target sample of 12,000, we developed a prediction algorithm based entirely on common genetic variants that discriminated (AUC = 0.78, sensitivity = 0.74, specificity = 0.69, PPV = 59%, NPV = 82%) those with no hair loss from those with severe hair loss. The results of this study might help identify those at greatest risk of hair loss, and also potential genetic targets for intervention.Author summary

Living with male pattern baldness can be stressful and embarrassing. Previous studies have shown baldness to have a complex genetic architecture, with particularly strong signals on the X chromosome. However, these studies have been limited by small sample sizes. Here, we present the largest genome-wide study of baldness to date, using data from over 52,000 male participants in the UK Biobank study. We identify over 200 novel findings. We also split our dataset in two to build and apply a genetic predictor of baldness. Of those with a polygenic score below the median, 14% had severe hair loss and 39% no hair loss. By contrast, of those with a polygenic score in the top 10%, 58% reported moderate-to-severe hair loss."

This I didn't know...
"some, but not all, studies have identified negative health outcomes associated with baldness including increased risk of prostate cancer [46] and cardiovascular disease [79]."

I also had some misinformation in that in the popular press it said that it was passed down through the mother. First of all, although there's an association with the X chromosome, that X chromosome could come from the father's mother etc. Also, there are some autosomal snps involved. I suspected that popular reports were incorrect just through personal experience: my brother started balding in his late twenties, just like my father, whereas the men in my mother's family had a full head of hair into their sixties.

I do realize, as the study states, that many men have real problems with this. Perhaps because my father had some baldness and was still, in my opinion, very good looking, I've never associated it with lack of good looks. Maybe it depends on the face, I also quite like the shaved head look on certain men. Some very attractive "hair challenged" men:

Justin and Pierre Trudeau...the son obviously gets his good looks mainly from his father...


The gorgeous Julio Iglesias:


My favorite baldies:





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