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If my mother(or father) married someone else, would I exist?

February 5, 2017, 9:09 pm
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Has anyone ever had this dilemma? I at times wonder whether I would exist or only carry half the genes I currently have if my father had sex with a different woman or had my mother had sex with a different man.

Lol this may be a bit off topic, but my dad came really close with many women but lost out due to a) either taking them out to dinner at cheap places like hot dog stands or b) getting into trouble with other men who found out he was dating a girl who wasn't his. He told me numerous times of when the captain of the football team at penn state caught him in his car with his girl. He, unwilling to quarrel with a big football player, immediately let her go lol. Then later he married my mother who comes from a family of physicians and engineers who "straightened him out" as he said. When she found out about my drinking habits when I was younger she was the scariest woman ever and put the fear of God in my heart. She will scare you and she knows all the tricks in the book.

I no longer drink like I did in the past it's not worth it. Night caps at best.
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G2a3b1 in English people

February 6, 2017, 4:45 am
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Hello all, I am new to genetics and I have a query. I am English with my paternal ancestry traceable to Yorkshire as far back as the 1700s. My Y-DNA is G2a3b1a, specifically G-Z726; am I right in thinking that this line originated with Franks/Saxons who arrived with the Anglo-Saxon settlement, and later Norman conquest of England? Or did it originate from the Celtic Brigantes who dominated Yorkshire prior to the invasions? I'm not sure if its relevant but I also took an ancestry.com test with the results showing 60% Europe West, 15% Ireland, 13% Great Britain, 5% Scandinavia and 7% Iberia.
Does anyone have more information regarding G-Z726?
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Single Muslim Add?

February 6, 2017, 3:09 pm
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I have a question regarding the advertisement on this website.

Click image for larger version.  Name: MuslimAdd.jpg  Views: 6  Size: 21.9 KB  ID: 8461

I keep getting this advertisement on this website. Given that I'm not Muslim and don't really search for religious topics here or anywhere really I'm confused as to why this is the only advertisement I am getting on this website. I understand Albanians are Muslim but I don't understand what might have possibly triggered this when I've only taken part in Albania related topics. I have never gotten a popup or advertisement for Muslims before. Is this one of your sponsors here or some weird trigger on this website?
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R-s4056

February 6, 2017, 4:56 pm
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I haven't taken the Big Y test yet, but I have been confirmed by Family Tree DNA as positive for R-S4056, the DF93 downstream portion of R-U198. It appears to be most common in men of Rhenish German, Dutch, Flemish, and English descent.

Does anyone have any other particulars on this haplogroup branch than that which I've mentioned, such as a possible timeframe? Just curious. And thanks for your responses!
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Through sexual selection, women turned men into arrogant, chauvinist pigs

February 7, 2017, 4:31 pm
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The study* says that:

When looking for biological fathers of their kids, women often select for genes associated with male chauvinism, arrogance and misogyny. Modern men are the product of thousands of years of such selection. Face the truth - ancestors of modern women's rights activists have created the very same, terrible, arrogant, patriarchal beasts that these activists are currently struggling against. Surprisingly, also today women want to breed with the same type of misogynist, chauvinist pigs, who they claim they are fighting against:

Figure 1.:

http://i.imgur.com/JC7T9Kd.png

For short-term relationships and during the ovulation, women are most attracted to males who are:

1) Arrogant
2) Confrontative
3) Muscular
4) Physically attractive
5) Influential

I was also surprised by this order - but being arrogant is indeed more important than being physically attractive. Arrogance is what women during the ovulation find most attractive in men. Followed by being confrontative and by muscles.

God-Emperor Donald Trump is good breeding material (despite lacking a bit in muscles & beauty), because:

- he is arrogant
- he is confrontative
- he is influential

But for long-term relationships and outside the ovulation, women are most attracted to men who are:

1) Faithful
2) Warm
3) Good father
4) Intelligent
5) Financially successful

These are traits of your typical effeminated modern Western cuck, as created by feminists and SJWs.

But the same feminists who created the Western cuck, want to have sex with the arrogant barbarian.

==================

Women! You are the ones who have made us into misogynist, chauvinist pigs!

Now you want to fight against our genetic nature, that you had created before!:



* "Changes in Women’s Mate Preferences Across the Ovulatory Cycle":

http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc...=rep1&type=pdf
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from western Yamna to Europe : a I2a2 + R1b-M269 joined venture ?

February 8, 2017, 5:34 am
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Many believe haplo I were HG who at some point assimilated with EEF to adopt farming.
Not so for I2a2 it seems to me.
I checked all anciant DNA with I2a2 up to 3 ka.
I found all 3 branches were represented : I2a2a1 + I2a2a2 + I2a2b.
None were farmers.
They all are in cultures which could be Yamnaya-derived and often along with R1b-M269 or possible R1b-M269.

Here is the list :

I2a2 + R1b-M269 08/02/17

Dnjepr rapids HG
HG Ukraine Dnjepr Rapids
10,8 ka > I2a2a-M223

Ukraine_HG1 Mesolithic I2a2a-M223 calls
Yamnaya Samara/Kalmykia
Yamnaya Samara Russia Lopatino I, Sok River, Samara [I0429/SVP 38] M 3339-2917 BC R1b1a2a2* (Z2103) Z2105+, L23+, L150+, M269+, L584- T2c1a2 Haak 2015; Mathieson 2015; Sergey Malyshev
Yamnaya Kalmykia Russia Peshany V [RISE550] M 3334-2635 BC R1b1a2 PF6399, M520, L773, PF6430, PF6434, PF6438, CTS8728, PF6497, PF6500;
Malyshev reads R1b1a2a2 (Z8129/Y12537 equivalent Z2103)		 U5a1i Allentoft 2015; Mathieson 2015; additional info from Sergey Malyshev
Yamnaya Samara Russia Lopatino I, Sok River, Samara [I0439/ SVP 52] M 3305-2925 BC R1b1a2 PF6434, PF6475, L1353, M173+, M343 equivalent CTS910/ FGC66 /PF6244+; P297+, M269 equivalent CTS12478/ PF6529+, L51-, L584-, Y4370- M12147-, 14168106(A/G)+ U5a1a1 Haak 2015; Mathieson 2015; Sergey Malyshev
Yamnaya Upper Ural river Russia Ishkinovka I, Eastern Orenburg, Pre-Ural steppe, Samara [I0370/SVP 10] M 3300-2700 BC R1b1a2a2 (Z2103) CTS1078+, M269+, L150+, L320+ H13a1a1a Haak 2015; Mathieson 2015; Sergey Malychev
Yamnaya Samara Russia Lopatino II, Sok River, Samara [I0443/ SVP 57] M 3300-2700 BC R1b1a2a* (L23) L49+, L23+, PF6399+, L150+, L1353+, PF6509+, M269+, CTS12478+, L51-, Z2105- W3a1a Haak 2015; Mathieson 2015; Sergey Malychev
Yamnaya Samara Russia Kutuluk I, Kutuluk River, Samara [I0444/SVP 58] M 3300-2700 BC R1b1a2a2 (Z2103) CTS1078/Z2103+, L150+, M415+ H6a1b Haak 2015; Mathieson 2015; Sergey Malychev
Yamnaya Samara Russia Luzhki I, Samara River, Samara [I0438/SVP 50] M 3021-2635 BC R1b1a2a2* (Z2103) Z2105+, L23+, L320+, L584-, CTS7822- U5a1a1 Haak 2015; ; Mathieson 2015; Sergey Malychev
Yamnaya Samara Russia Ekaterinovka, Southern Steppe, Samara [I0231/SVP 3] M 2910-2875 BC R1b1a2a2 + KMS75 CTS1078+, Z2105+, S20902+, M343+, L754/ PF6269/ YSC22+, P297 equivalent FGC57+, M269+ (+ same level PF6399+, PF6434+, PF6482+, , L150.1+, L265+), L23+, CTS1078/ Z2103+ (+ same level Z2105+), L584-, KMS75+ U4a1a or U4a1d Haak 2015; Mathieson 2015; Sergey Malyshev
Yamnaya Kalmykia Russia Temrta IV [RISE546] M
R1b1a2 PF6482 U5a1d2b Allentoft 2015; Mathieson 2015
Yamnaya Kalmykia Russia Temrta IV [RISE547] M 2887- 2634 BC R1b1a2 L482, L483, PF6438, L150.1, F1794, CTS8728, L1353, PF6495, PF6497;
Malyshev reads R1b1a2a2 (CTS9416) + Z2106 downstream on Y-Full tree		 T2a1a Allentoft 2015; Mathieson 2015; additional info from Sergey Malyshev
Yamnaya Kalmykia Russia Temrta IV [RISE548] M
R1b1a2a2 Z2105 U4 Allentoft 2015; Mathieson 2015
Yamnaya Kalmykia Russia Sukhaya Termista I [RISE240] F 2880-2632 BC

U5a1d1 Allentoft 2015
Early Bronze Age Wolgograd Russia Stalingrad Quarry [RISE555] M 2857-2497 BC R1b1a2 PF6399, PF6409, PF6434, CTS623; Malyshev reads R1b1a2a2 (CTS7340/Z2107) + downstream Z2106 onYFull tree N1a1a+152 Allentoft 2015; Mathieson 2015; additional info from Sergey Malyshev
Yamnaya / Catacomb Kalmykia Russia Ulan IV, kurgan 4, grave 8 [RISE552] M 2849-2146 BC I2a2a1b1b L699; Malyshev reads I2a2a1b1b2 (S12195) T2a1a Allentoft 2015; Mathieson 2015; additional info from Sergey Malyshev and Felix Immanuel
Iberian Chalc / pré-BB

Spain El Portalón, Sierra de Atapuerca [ATP 3] M 5466-5312 cal BP Genetiker : R1b-M269 xZ2110
K1a2b Günther 2015 ATP3 Pre-Beaker Copper Age 3516–3362 BC R1b1a1a2-M269 calls

Spain El Portalón, Sierra de Atapuerca [ATP12-1420] M 4960-4829 cal BP I2a2a
H3c Günther 2015
Pre-Beaker Copper Age Spain Matojo El Portalón cave in the Atapuerca
3010–2879 BC I2a2a2-S23680

Matojo Pre-Beaker Copper Age 3010–2879 BC I2a2a2-S23680 calls

Spain El Mirador, Burgos [I0581/MIR 5 and 6] M 2880-2630 BC I2a2a1 CTS616 X2b Gómez-Sánchez 2014; Mathieson 2015

Spain El Mirador, Burgos [I1274/MIR 11] M 2880-2630 BC I2a2 L181 H3 Gómez-Sánchez 2014; Mathieson 2015

Spain El Mirador, Burgos [I1277/MIR 14] M 2880-2630 BC I2a2a P221 H3 Mathieson 2015
Vucedol







Vucedol Hungary Lánycsók, Csata-alja [M6-116.8]
2860-2620 BC R1b M343+ T2b23 Szécsényi-Nagy 2015 thesis
Vucedol Hungary Lánycsók, Csata-alja [M6-116.10]
2860-2620 BC I2a2a M223+ H5 Szécsényi-Nagy 2015 thesis
Unetice







Unetice Germany Esperstedt [I0114/ESP 2] M 2131-1979 BC I2a2b L368+, L181+, P218+, P217+, M438+, L34-, P223-, M223-, [L39+] I3a Adler 2012; Brandt 2013; Haak 2015; Mathieson 2015; [Additional info on SNP L39 from Hans De Beule and Atanas Kumbarov]
Vatya/Wieslburg







Vatya Hungary Erd 4 [RISE479] M
I2a2a1a2a L1229 T2b Allentoft 2015; Mathieson 2015
Gáta/Wieslburg Hungary M85 Enese elkerül? 02. Kóny, Proletár-d?l? II [KON 6]
1770-1760 BC R1b1a2 M269 U5b1 Szécsényi-Nagy 2015 thesis
Vatya Hungary Szazhalombatta-Foldvar [RISE247] M 1746-1611 BC I2a2a1 CTS9183 H11a Allentoft 2015; Mathieson 2015
Urnfield Lichtenstein Cave
Urnfield Germany Halberstadt [I0099/HAL 36] M 1113-1021 BC R1a1a1b1a2
(Z280)		 S204+, S198+, PF6217+ H23 Brandt 2013; Haak 2015; Mathieson 2015
Urnfield Germany Lichtenstein Cave, near Dorste, Lower Saxony [M1, M2, M7] M 1000 BC I2a2b Ii in table 2; Z5REF in Ysearch H Schilz 2006
Urnfield Germany Lichtenstein Cave [M3, M6] M 1000 BC I2a2b Iii in table 2 H Schilz 2006
Urnfield Germany Lichtenstein Cave [M14] M 1000 BC I2a2b? Iii? in table 2 H Schilz 2006
Urnfield Germany Lichtenstein Cave [M4, M5, M19] M 1000 BC I2a2b Iiii in table 2 H Schilz 2006
Urnfield Germany Lichtenstein Cave [M8, M16] M 1000 BC I2a2b Ii in table 2; Z5REF in Ysearch U5b Schilz 2006
Urnfield Germany Lichtenstein Cave [M10] M 1000 BC R1a1? Ri in table 2 T2? Schilz 2006
Urnfield Germany Lichtenstein Cave [M11] M 1000 BC R1a1? Ri? in table 2 U Schilz 2006
Urnfield Germany Lichtenstein Cave [M9] M 1000 BC R1b Rbi in table 2 H Schilz 2006

I2a2 is not found in German BB and Nordic LNBA though, I expect that these will be deeper exclusive subclades of R1b-M269 (U106, P312) which expanded inside Europe after 5 ka.
Neither is I2a2 found in northern Irish EBA, but that may be a coincidence, because M284 is a large subclade of I2a2 with TMRCA 7.2 ka and which is almost exclusively British.
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Eating habits of Roman era Anatolia

February 8, 2017, 9:10 am
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See:

http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/exc...&NewsCatID=375

Korkut said foods like phyllo dough, onion, garlic and cheese were generally eaten in the ancient ages.

“Mostly cereal-based foods and plants were eaten. Maza, which is a kind of phyllo dough made up of barley meal, was always on the table. Also, einkorn flour was used to make phyllo bread in the Roman era and it was called puls. They ate onion, garlic and cheese along with puls. A bread type that was called ortos was first made with barley and then with wheat. It is known that vegetables like cabbage, spinach, chard, hibiscus, asparagus, leeks, onions, beans, sweet peas, lentils and fava beans were used during this age. These vegetables were eaten raw or boiled and mash-like foods were made with legumes. Olive oil was used in almost all Mediterranean dishes. It still continues as a characteristic of the Mediterranean cuisine. The favorite fruits were apple, grape and fig. Grapes were used both in dishes and in wine. Fish dishes prepared with sauces as well as various meat dishes were also eaten,” Korkut said.

"“Starting from the Roman era, we saw that double basket and pressure steam cookers were used to cook dishes. These cookers, called kerotakis, were first used in the first and second centuries,”Akdeniz University Archaeology Department academic and Tlos excavation head Professor Taner Korkut said, adding that their work had revealed ceramic saucepans, pans, plates, glasses, pitchers and serving dishes."



He also touched on foods eaten in the early Neolithic.

"He said they initiated the Tlos excavations 10 years ago and learned that cereal-like barley and wheat were used 10,500 years ago in Anatolia, as were a variety of plant species that are also currently in use.

Korkut said they had observed that many people, particularly residents of mountainous places in the western province of Muğla’s Seydikemer district, still maintained the traditions in their eating habits.

He said they had found 130 species of edible plants during interviews with people living in 61 neighborhoods."

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Vinca culture and shaman culture

February 8, 2017, 10:42 am
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Do you think they were related?

Vinca tablet

Shaman drum



A traditional medicine wheel drum in the US


And another vinca artifact


Hongshan almond-eyes in Manchu, 5,000bc

--> first one is probably elongated, but second? any opinion?

Another almond-eyes people, I think original ANE-related people might have those eyes:
Okunevo(2,500bc), shang(1,500bc) in china
http://www.eupedia.com/forum/threads...404#post501404 ( #7)
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Languages of prehistoric Europe

February 8, 2017, 1:27 pm
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What language or languages did the pre-Indo European cultures of Europe like LBK or Megalithic speak ?
A good guess would be Proto-Basque or Iberian (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberians), is there any relation between Basque and Iberian ?

What did they call themselves ? what name did they use for their ethnicity ?
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Does the Y-haplogroup influence the appearance of the genitalia?

February 9, 2017, 1:23 am
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There has been a discussion on this forum about the influence of the Y-haplogroup on a man's looks. Now the genitalia are, as far as I can see, the one part of the body whose appearance is most likely to be influenced by the Y-haplogroup. Has there ever been any research on this? I'm sorry to bring up a bit of an awkward topic, but I think it is relevant in this discussion.
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More on Scotland's Viking Boat Burial

February 9, 2017, 11:11 am
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See:
http://www.archaeology.org/news/5261...murchan-viking

"LEICESTER, ENGLAND—According to a report in Live Science, a team of scientists has analyzed the contents of a 1,000-year-old Viking warrior’s grave discovered in western Scotland in 2011. Isotope analysis of the warrior’s teeth revealed that he grew up in Scandinavia, while his grave goods are thought to have originated in Scandinavia, Scotland, and Ireland. The high-status weapons in the grave included a large ax head, a sword with a decorated hilt, a spear, and a shield whose boss has survived. Other artifacts related to daily life included a whetstone made from a type of rock found in Norway, and a copper-alloy ringed pin, which may have been used to fasten a burial cloak or shroud. Stones for the boat burial may have been obtained from a nearby Neolithic burial cairn."

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Genetic analysis of the Irish Travelers

February 9, 2017, 11:29 am
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See:
http://www.nature.com/articles/srep4...ation-genetics

"The Irish Travellers are a population with a history of nomadism; consanguineous unions are common and they are socially isolated from the surrounding, ‘settled’ Irish people. Low-resolution genetic analysis suggests a common Irish origin between the settled and the Traveller populations. What is not known, however, is the extent of population structure within the Irish Travellers, the time of divergence from the general Irish population, or the extent of autozygosity. Using a sample of 50 Irish Travellers, 143 European Roma, 2232 settled Irish, 2039 British and 6255 European or world-wide individuals, we demonstrate evidence for population substructure within the Irish Traveller population, and estimate a time of divergence before the Great Famine of 1845–1852. We quantify the high levels of autozygosity, which are comparable to levels previously described in Orcadian 1st/2nd cousin offspring, and finally show the Irish Traveller population has no particular genetic links to the European Roma. The levels of autozygosity and distinct Irish origins have implications for disease mapping within Ireland, while the population structure and divergence inform on social history."

They're an interesting group. They are nomadic like gypsies, have been stereotyped as con artists, and for years were called gypsies, but have no genetic link to them. A lot of films have been made about them. My favorite is "Into the West". The great Gabriel Byrne, who plays the father, supposedly has Traveler ancestry.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Into_the_West_(film)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JHcMIXxkn3M



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How to evaluate genetic analysis

February 9, 2017, 12:16 pm
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Actually, it should probably be labeled how to evaluate scientific papers, or how to evaluate statistical analysis.

The major take away seems to be: skepticism is in order.

This is just one example;

See: http://nymag.com/scienceofus/2017/02...re-scienceofus
Given the practices that the director unwittingly revealed, I personally now have no faith in any papers from that lab, even though some of them may be legit, because having no access to any of the runs, I can't evaluate them.

This provides some guidance on how to evaluate results:

"Misinterpretation and abuse of statistical tests, confidence intervals, and statistical power have been decried for decades, yet remain rampant. A key problem is that there are no interpretations of these concepts that are at once simple, intuitive, correct, and foolproof. Instead, correct use and interpretation of these statistics requires an attention to detail which seems to tax the patience of working scientists. This high cognitive demand has led to an epidemic of shortcut definitions and interpretations that are simply wrong, sometimes disastrously so—and yet these misinterpretations dominate much of the scientific literature. In light of this problem, we provide definitions and a discussion of basic statistics that are more general and critical than typically found in traditional introductory expositions. Our goal is to provide a resource for instructors, researchers, and consumers of statistics whose knowledge of statistical theory and technique may be limited but who wish to avoid and spot misinterpretations. We emphasize how violation of often unstated analysis protocols (such as selecting analyses for presentation based on the P values they produce) can lead to small P values even if the declared test hypothesis is correct, and can lead to large P values even if that hypothesis is incorrect. We then provide an explanatory list of 25 misinterpretations of P values, confidence intervals, and power. We conclude with guidelines for improving statistical interpretation and reporting."

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10654-016-0149-

See also the following for the data that would have to be retained by scientists and available for use by anyone wishing to look at the findings critically:

"#SLAS2017 Bioinformatics at @bmsnews adopted the @PLOS editorial's "10 simple rules for reproducibility" http://journals.plos.org/ploscompbiol/article?id=10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003285 …
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The Indo-European caste system

February 9, 2017, 1:36 pm
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All Indo-European cultures had three castes :

1-Priests
2-Warriors/Nobles
3-Farmers/Tradesmen/Commoners

Examples of the Indo-European castes:

  • Indo-Iranian – Brahmin/Athravan, Kshatriyas/Rathaestar, Vaishyas
  • Roman – Flamines, Milites, Quirites
  • Celtic – Druids, Equites, Plebes
  • Anglo-Saxon – Gebedmen (prayer-men), Fyrdmen (army-men), Weorcmen (workmen)
  • Slavic – Volkhvs, Voin, Krestyanin/Smerd
  • Nordic – Earl, Churl, Thrall
  • Greece (Attica) – Eupatridae, Geomori, Demiurgi
  • Greece (Sparta) – Homoioi, Perioeci, Helots


The situation in Gaul was so severe and is documented by Caesar in his "Gallic Wars" http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/...c_War/6B*.html

"Throughout Gaul there are two classes of persons of definite account and dignity. As for the common folk, they are treated almost as slaves, venturing naught of themselves, never taken into counsel. The more part of them, oppressed as they are either by debt, or by the heavy weight of tribute, or by the wrongdoing of the more powerful men, commit themselves in slavery to the nobles, who have, in fact, the same rights over them as masters over slaves. Of the two classes above mentioned one consists of Druids, the other of knights."

I would definitely not want to be a peasant.
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J1c5a1

February 9, 2017, 7:42 pm
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Anyone else match to this? I know it's a relatively new subclade. So far, I'm not sure which part of western Europe is originated in. I'm thinking either Scandinavia or Britain.
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J-M241 English & French Ancestry

February 9, 2017, 7:47 pm
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I'm a unique J2B2. My family is from Lancashire England. They either go by Langton, Langston, or Worden. The original family name was actually Boisell, which is an old french word of Gaulish origin. I've heard that The migration of The Hallstatt or Alpine Celts may have had a minority of of J2b2's with them. Any ideas would be greatly appreciated.
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New phylogenetic tree of R1b-U152 (and L2)

February 10, 2017, 6:00 am
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I have been working for three days on a new updated version of the R1b-U152 tree. I had to split it in two trees as the L2 branch was taking too much space. I recommend that you viw the tree in full screen by clicking on them on the R1b page.

I had already suggested three years ago that Z56 was a predominantly Italic branch and therefore associated with the Romans too, while the Z36 subclade was Alpine Celtic, and associated especially with the La Tène culture and Iron Age Gauls. This new phylogeny confirms just that. Z56 is overwhelmingly present in Italy, while Z36 is the most common subclade in and around Switzerland and southern Germany. The other branches, including L2, appear to have scattered around Europe from the time U152 reached central Europe (circa 2500 BCE). Some branches may have diffused with the Unetice, Tumulus and Urnfield cultures.





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7 ka mesolithic warriors in Siberia ?

February 10, 2017, 6:59 am
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Diseases that decimated Native Americans included Salmonella Enterica

February 10, 2017, 9:08 am
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Parallels could be drawn to what might have happened in Europe. I've thought about this in the context that perhaps the only "natives" who survived were the ones who had some degree of admixture with the locals and thus had picked up some measure of immunity to these diseases.


See:
http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2017/02/08/106740.1

Vagene et al:
Salmonella enterica genomes recovered from victims of a major 16th century epidemic in Mexico

"Indigenous populations of the Americas experienced high mortality rates during the early contact period as a result of infectious diseases, many of which were introduced by Europeans. Most of the pathogenic agents that caused these outbreaks remain unknown. Using a metagenomic tool called MALT to search for traces of ancient pathogen DNA, we were able to identify Salmonella enterica in individuals buried in an early contact era epidemic cemetery at Teposcolula-Yucundaa, Oaxaca in southern Mexico. This cemetery is linked to the 1545-1550 CE epidemic locally known as 'cocoliztli', the cause of which has been debated for over a century. Here we present two reconstructed ancient genomes for Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Paratyphi C, a bacterial cause of enteric fever. We propose that S. Paratyphi C contributed to the population decline during the 1545 cocoliztli outbreak in Mexico.





"Well-characterized Old World diseases suchas smallpox, measles, mumps, and influenza have been accepted as the causes of later contact eraoutbreaks; however, the diseases responsible for many early contact period New Worldepidemics remain unknown, and have been the subject of scientific debate for over a century."

"Enteric fever was first determined to be distinct from typhus in the mid-nineteenth century,hence little is known about the prior severity and worldwide incidence of enteric fever (49).Today, outbreaks predominantly occur in developing countries, where mortality rates from S.Typhi are reported to have reached as high as 30-50% (50). S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi arecommonly transmitted through the fecal-oral route via ingestion of contaminated food or water(51). Changes imposed under Spanish rule such as forced relocations under the policy ofcongregación, altered living arrangements, and new subsistence farming practices (27, 28)compounded by drought conditions (52) could have disrupted existing hygiene measures, thusfacilitating S. Paratyphi C transmission."
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Married men earn more money, have better sex and better health?

February 10, 2017, 9:17 am
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